i£x  ICtbrtfi 


SEYMOUR  DURST 


When  you  leave,  please  leave  this  hook 

Because  it  has  heen  said 
"Sver'thing  comes  t'  him  who  waits 

Except  a  loaned  hook." 


Avery  Architectural  and  Fine  Arts  Library 
Gift  of  Seymour  B.  Durst  Old  York  Library 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2014 


http://archive.org/details/viewofcityofnewoOOmoul_0 


(Jo«.V.'.Mcullwv.del.) 


Ill  1615. 


;  Kob'M.Gaw  sc.l 


V I E  W 

of  Tin; 

CITY  OF  NEW-ORANGE, 

(NOW  NEW-YORK.) 

AS  XT  WAS  IWT  THE  YEAR 

WITH  EXPLANATORY  NOTES, 

BY  JOSEPH  W.  MOULTON,  Esq. 
NEW-YORK \- 

PRINTED  BY  C.  S.  VAN  WINKLE,  2  THAMES-STREET. 

1825. 


Southern  District  of  New-  York,  86. 

BE  IT  HEMEMBEBKO,  That  on  tbe  second  day  of 

August.  A  D.  J825,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  the  Independence 
of  tbe  United  Matesof  America,  Joseph  IV.  Moclton,  Esq. 
of  the  said  district,  hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a 
book,  the  l  ight  w  hereof  he  claims  as  proprietor,  in  the  words 
following,  to  wit 

"  View  of  the  City  of  New- Orange,  (now  New-York,)  as 
it  was  in  the  year  1673.  With  Explanatory  Notes.  By  Jo- 
seph W.  Moulton,  £o^." 

In  conformity  to  ihe  act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
entitled, i(  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  se- 
curing the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors 
and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  time  therein  men- 
tioned ;"  and  also,  to  an  act,  entitled,  "  An  act  supplemen- 
tary to  an  act,  entitled,  an  act  for  the  encouragement  of 
learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts  and  honks, 
to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the 
times  therein  mentioned,'  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof 
to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical 
and  other  prints. 

JAMES  DILL, 
Clerk  of  the  Southern  District  of  ?Jew-York. 


ASFSRBNOES  TO  THE  EXPLANATIONS, 

OP  THE  LETTERS  AND  FIGURES  MARKED  UPON  THE  VIEW. 

Letters.— Let.  A,  page  23.  B,  25.  C,  25,  29.  D, 
25,32.  E,  25.  F,  28.  G,  30.  H,  30,  23.  1,31,39. 
K,  31—33,  10,  13,  15,  19.  L,  34,  11,  14.  M,  36,  19. 
N,  36,  10.  O,  36.  P,  37.  Q,  38.  R,  34,  35,  24.  S, 
29,  26,  25.  T,  35. 

Figures.— Fig.  1.  page  24,23.  2.  29,  30.  3.29,  30. 
4.  30,31.  6.  6.  7.  35,39.  8.  23.  9.  35  10.36,35. 
11.  36. 

Objects  not  indicated  by  letters  or  figures  on  the  View  : — ■ 
viz.  Streets — Pearl,  page  23,  24.  Wmkel,  30.  Brug.  30. 
Hoog,  31.  De  Warmoes,  34.  Tun.  39.  Prince,  31,  39. 
Cingel,  3£.  Burgei's  Path,  35.  Mire-lane,  34:  Sheep 
pasture,  31.  Public  buildings — Citizens'  guard  house,  34. 
Corps  de  garde,  28, 12.  Secretary's  office,  28.  Post  office, 
28,  29.  Cucking  or  ducking  stool,  33.  Wooden  horse, 
8,  13.  Whippingpost,  8.  Gallows,  8.  City  fire  engine, 
8.  City  bell,  27,  2«.  West  India  Company's  garden  and 
farm,  31.  Armed  and  private  vessels,  7,  23,  24  Commons 
or  park,  9,  93.  De  Kolck,  9,  37.  Bouvvery,  9.  Corlear's 
Hook,  9,  38. 


I  caused  the  prefixed  View  to  be  engraved  for  the 
purpose  of  embellishing  a  future  volume  of  the  history  of 
this  state.  In  the  progress  of  my  researches  I  have  been 
so  fortunate  as  to  collect  authentic  and  unpublished  facts,* 
which,  though  extremely  curious  and  interesting,  are  too 
local  in  their  application  to  fall  within  the  scope  of  the 
general  history.  These  I  have  prepared  for  my  own 
amusement,  and  may  publish  them  in  the  shape  of  histori- 
cal notes  of  the  progress  of  the  city,  from  the  period  when 
the  first  trading  and  fishing  huts  were  erected  upon  this 
island  to  the  date  of  the  present  view. 

I  have  ventured  to  look  a  little  into  that  "  dark  age"  of 
our  history,  viz.  the  twenty  years  between  the  discovery  by 
Hudson,  in  1609,  and  arrival  of  governor  Wouter  Van 
Twiller  in  1629,  during  which  interval  Christianse  and 
Eelkes  officiated  as  supreme  authority  under  the  first  "  pri- 
vileged trading  company,"  and  Peter  Minuets  as  the  first 
director-general  or  governor,  under  the  "  privileged  Wes 
India  company."  1  have  traced  the  advancement  of  the 
city  during  the  nine  years'  administration  of  Van  Twiller, 
the  nine  years'  administration  of  William  Kieft,  the  seven- 
teen years'  administration  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  nine 
years'  administration  of  the  English  governors,  Richard 
Nicolls  and  Francis  Lovelace,  and  the  one  year  and  five 
mouths1  administration  of  their  Dutch  successor,  governor 
Anthonio  Colve.  J.  W.  M. 


*  The  principal  portion  of  which  I  have  gleaned  from  thirty  manuscript 
volumes,  folio,  of  public  records.  I  am,  also  indebted  to  judge  Benson's 
Memoir  for  some  information  respecting  the  location  of  several  streets. 


CITY  OF  NEW-ORANGE,  &c 


 »  ■  «  

The  city,  until  its  surrender  by  governor  Stuyvesant  to 
the  English  in  1664,  had  been  denominated  New-Amster- 
dam, and  during  the  governments  of  Nicolls  and  Lovelace, 
New- York.  In  August,  1673,  while  England  was  at  war 
with  Holland,  a  fleet  belonging  to  the  latter,and  commanded 
by  commodores  Cornells  Evertsen,  junior,  and  Jacob 
Benches,  captains  Anthonio  Colve,  Nicolaes  Boes,  and 
Ab.  Fierd.  Van  Zyll,  recaptured  New- York.  Exercising  the 
power  of  a  supreme  military  tribunal,  they  named  the  city 
New-Orange,  in  compliment  to  the  prince  of  Orange. 
Pursuant  to  the  treaty  of  peace  that  closed  the  war  in  1674, 
New-Orange,  in  the  month  of  October,  was  re-delivered  to 
the  English,  who  resumed  the  name  by  which  the  city  has 
been  ever  since  distinguished. 

It  was  at,  the  remarkable  era  when  the  above  inter- 
mission of  the  English  government  occurred,  that  the  pre- 
sent view  was  taken.  It  originally  appeared  published  at 
Amsterdam  in  Holland,  at  the  bottom  of  a  map  bearing 
this  title  :  u  Totius  Neo-Belgii  nova  et  accuratissima  Tabula 
apud  Reinier  and  Joshua  Otlens,  Amstelodami.  "  The  pro- 
spect had  this  inscription,  Kieuw  Amsterdam  onlang 
Nieuw  Jorck  genamt  ende  hernomen  by  de  Nederland- 
ers  op  den  24c  Aug.  1673,  and  underneath  since  has 
been  added,  eindelijk  aan  de  Engelse  weder  afgestaan,  which 


I 

6 


plainly  appears  to  be  an  addition,  as  it  is  engraved  over 
the  etchings  of  the  clouds.    It  appears  to  me  that  this 
map  was  published  by  the  Dutch  immediately  after  the 
surrender  of  New- York  to  them  in  1673,  for  the  follow- 
ing reasons: — First,  by  the  inscription  upon  the  prospect 
of  the  city,  wherein  it  is  said,  JVew  Amsterdam,  lately  called 
New-York,  and  retaken  by  the  Dutch  on  the  24th  Aug,  1673. 
Now  this  appears  to  me  to  be  a  certain  proof  that  it  was 
published  during  the  time  the  Dutch  were  in  possession  of 
the  place,  or  very  shortly  after,  as  the  words  finally  quit- 
claimed again  to  the  English,  are  written  over  the  former 
graving,  as  I  observed  before.    Secondly,  in  the  ornamental 
figures  over  the  said  prospect,  the  principal  is  a  woman 
crowned  with  a  naval  crown,  resting  upon  a  club,  holding 
in  the  left  hand  a  wreath  of  laurel ;  behind  her  stands  Mer- 
cury, and  round  her,  Europeans  and  savages  as  returning  their 
thanks  to  her  for  their  liberty  ;  one  of  the  Indians  offering 
to  her  an  Indian  village  which  he  holds  in  his  hands,  emblem 
of  the  offer  of  their  lands,  (the  Dutch  in  their  paintings  run 
much  in  emblems  and  allegories,)  and  under  the  said  figure 
is  written  the  word  Restitutio.    Thirdly,  in  the  map,  below 
the  south  side  of  Long  Island,  and  near  the  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  New-York,  are  little  ships  anchored,  and  over  them 
is  written  vloot  van  Corn  Everlsen,  which  was  the  commo- 
dore that  commanded  the  fleet  that  retook  New- York. 
Fourthly  and  lastly,  there  is  upon  the  street  before  the 
harbour  in  the  prospect,  the  representation  of  some  compa- 
nies of  armed  men,  which,  with  the  rest,  seem  to  concur  in 
asserting  the  date  of  the  publication  of  the  map  at  the  time 
of  the  Dutch  conquest." 

In  1769,  an  exact  copy  of  this  etching  was  taken  by  Du 
Simitiere,a  French  gentleman  of  taste,  learning  and  research, 
well  remembered  as  an  amateur,  by  some  of  the  elder 
citizens  of  New- York  and  Philadelphia,  wherein  he  resided. 


7 


and  in  the  latter  city  founded  a  museum  and  ended  his 
days.  From  his  manuscript  copy  I  drew  the  one  from  which 
the  present  view  has  been  engraved,*  His  remarks  above 
quoted  appear  conclusive  that  it  was  taken  at  the  period 
of  the  re-capture.  The  reference  on  the  original  etching 
to  the  conquering  fleet  is  particularly  significant.  The  fleet 
in  July,  1673,  anchored  off  "  Nayah,"  at  the  outlet  of  the 
narrows,  and  near  the  very  spot  that  the  English  conquer- 
ing fleet  under  Nicolls,&c.  had  moored,  nineyears  previously. 
The  former  approached  the  fort  in  August,  and  after  the 
surrender  of  the  city,  continued  some  time  in  the  north 
river.  In  fact  the  "  fregatt  Zee-hond"  (Sea  Dog,)  com- 
manded by  capt.  Evertsen,  and  the 4  Surrinam,'  a  44  gun  ship 
under  the  immediate  control  of  Gov.  Colve,  did  not  return  to 
Holland  with  the  rest  of  the  fleet,  but  at  the  urgent  request 
of  the  Burgomasters,  were  left  for  the  protection  of  the 
city.  It  is  also  a  fact  on  record,  that  the  Heeren-Gracht,  (see 
view  1)  was  filled  up,  and  the  street  levelled  and  paved, 
three  years  only  after  the  date  of  the  present  view  in  which 
the  gracht  (canal)  appears  delineated. 

The  view,  as  copied  from  Du  Simitiere's  manuscripts,  is 
unaccompanied  by  explanations,  except  a  few  letters  and 
Dutch  names.  The  design  of  the  following  notes  is  to  sup- 
ply this  desideratum,  and  the  design  of  another  publication, 
if  1  should  think  proper  to  make  it,  will  be  to  present  an 
amusing  view  of  the  singularly  slow  progress  and  strange 
peculiarities  of  the  ancient  city  ;  when,  for  instance,  the  le- 
gislative, executive  and  judicial  power  was  vested  in  the 
governor  and  his  council,  under  the  supreme  law  of  the 
land,  the  will  of  the  Dutch  West  India  company  department 
at  Amsterdam ;  when  de  Heer  Officier,  or  Hoofd-Schout,  t 
acted  as  the  Fiscael  or  Procureur-general ;  J  when  he  or 

*  For  fear  of  impairing  the  authenticity  of  the  original,  I  hare  copied  it 
as  it  was,  notwithstanding  the  badness  of  its  perspective. 

t  High  Sheriff.         i  Attorney  General. 


8 


the  provost-mar  shall,  the  gaoler,  conducted  offenders  to 
the  gaol,  the  whipping-post,  the  wooden-horse,  the  gal- 
lows, or  to  the  transport  ship,  if  the  criminal  had  been 
guilty  of  crimen  lesce  majestatis ;  or  of  a  libel  merely 
on  the  good  Burgomasters,  then  only  to  a  stake,  with 
a  bridle  in  his  mouth,  rods  under  his  arm,  and  an  ap- 
propriate label  on  his  breast ;  when  the  wees-meesters  took 
charge  of  fatherless  children  and  widows  ;*  wheirthe  Roy- 
meesters  viewed  the  city  fences  and  regulated  them ; 
when  the  overseers  of  the  city  fire-engine  inspected 
all  reed  and  straw  roofs  and  wooden  chimneys ;  when 
the  official  duties  of  the  court-messenger  were  to  summon 
parties  to  court,  await  the  orders  of  the  governor  and 
council,  read  in  church  on  Sunday,  sing  with  the  school, 
assist  in  burying  the  dead,  and  attend  in  tolling  the  bell  ; 
when  "  the  first  commissary  of  marriage  affairs"  determin- 
ed all  matrimonial  controversies ;  when  the  city  school- 
master was,  ex-officio,  clerk,  chorister  and  consoler  of  the 
sick  ;  when  the  miller  could  receive  no  grain  unless  ac- 
companied by  a  certificate  of  its  inspection  by  "  the  comp- 
troller of  the  revenues  of  the  company's  wind  mill ;"  when 
the  citizens  were  divided  into  great  and  small,  agreeably  to 
the  destinction  of  Groot  Burgerrecht  and  Klein  Burgerrecht ;t 
whenmerchants,  traders  and  shop-keepers  were  obliged  not 
only  to  pay  a  duty  for  the  privilege  of  becoming  small 
citizens  (klein  burgers,)  but  also  to  pay  a  recognition  duty,  a 
duty  to  the  public  wharf,  a  duty  to  the  overseer  of  the  weigh- 

•  A  wees-huys  or  orphan-house  is  mentioned — but  it  was  probably  the 
house  of  the  wees-meesters,  for  the  city,  according  to  the  records  of  the 
times,  was  too  poor  to  undertake  "  so  grand  an  enterprise"  as  to  erect  a 
house  like  that  in  Amsterdam 

t  Great  citizenship  and  small  citizenship. 


9 


scales,  a  duty  to  the  public  pack  huys,*  and  a  duty  to  the  eyck 
meester]  for  marking  their  weights  and  measures  agreeably 
to  the  true  Amsterdam  standard  ;  when  the  amusements  and 
customs  of  the  citizens  consisted  principally  in  dancing  the 
hipsey-saw,  shuffle-shuffle,  or  a  simple  reel ;  playing  with 
cards,  nine-pins,  balls  and  trick-track  ;  plucking  the  goose  ; 
firing  guns,  beating  the  drum,  and  planting  JVJay-trees  on 
New- Year'sand  May-Day;  sometimes  plantingthe  May-pole, 
surrounded  with  ragged  stockings,  before  the  door  of  the 
bridegroom  ;  sailing  to  Nut  Island,!  Pavonia,§  or  "  Breu- 
kelen  promenading  the  pleasure  grounds  of  the  city, 
fishing  by  day  and  night,  rambling  to  the  commons||  for  nuts 
and  strawberries;  walking  and  riding  in  parties  of  pleasure  to 
the  Ladies'  Valley, IT  Bestevaars  kreupdbosch,]}  theKoick,JJ 
the  Bouwery,  Corlear's  Hook,  Sapokanikan,§§  Bloemend' 
Dal,  Nieuw  Harlaem,  Spyt  den  Duyvel  Kill,  or  Vreeden- 
dal.**  But  these  and  similar  peculiarities  of  the  ancient 
city,  may  hereafter  become  topics  for  the  amusement  of  a 
leisure  hour.  I  may  then  also  open  to  view,  more  fully 
than  i  design  to  do  by  the  following  notes,  the  police  eco- 
nomy and  condition  of  the  city,  and  describe  the  novel 
transactions  that  took  place  from  the  time  the  council  of 
war  of  the  conquerors  transferred  its  sessions  from  the  fleet 
to  the  fort,  and  until  its  re-deiivery  to  the  English.  Assuming 
the  authority  of  a  supreme  military  tribunal,  the  former  hrst 
remodelled  the  government  over  their  conquest,  in  con- 
formity to  the  ancient  customs  of  the  city  and  the  exigency 
of  the  epoch.    Accordingly  they  re-established  the  order  of 

*  Store-house, 
t  Weigh-master. 

t  Governors  Island.     §  New-Jersey. 
(J  Now  the  park  of  the  city. 

1[  See  page  36.         tt  Grand-father's  Underwood.        tt  See  page  37. 

Greenwich. 
**  In  West-Chester,  north  of  Harlaem, 

2 


10 


schout,  burgomasters  and schepens ;  but  retained  the  office 
of  mayor,  adding  to  it  that  of  auditor  of  the  military  council, 
and  appointed  Jacobus  Van  de  W ater.  They  commissioned 
AnthonioColve,  who  had  been  a  captain  in  the  service  of  the 
Republic,  as  Governor  under  the  provisional  sanction  of 
the  States-general  and  the  Prince  of  Orange.  They  appoin- 
ed  Cornelis  Steenwyck  as  his  counsellor  of  state,  and  Nicho- 
las  Bayard  as  secretary  of  New  Netherlands,*  and  as  geheim 
schryver,  or  recorder  of  secrets  ;  as  vendu  meester,  or  auc- 
tioneer for  the  city,  and  as  book-keeper  and  receiver-gene- 
ral of  the  revenues.  Relieved  from  the  burthen  of  civil 
affairs,  except  on  important  occasions  of  a  joint  conference 
with  the  governor  and  council,  or  the  burgomasters  and 
schepens,  the  military  tribunal  was  left  at  leisure  to  consult 
measures  for  the  oermanent  security  of  the  city.  Then  a 
code  of  sanguinary  military  law  was  deemed  necessary  ; 
the  strictest  discipline  enforced  not  only  in  garrison  but 
among  the  city  militia ;  the  mayor,  at  the  head  of  the  lat- 
ter, held  his  daily  parades  before  the  City  Hall ;  each  eve- 
ning he  received  from  the  principal  guard,  (hoofd  wagt)  of 
the  fort,  the  keys,  and,  accompanied  by  a  Serjeant  and  six 
armed  soldiers,  locked  the  city  gates,  stationed  for  duty  the 
Burger-wagt'i  and  night  watches,  opened  the  gates  at  day- 
light^andin  either  case  returned  the  keys  to  the  commanding 
officer  at  the  fort.  In  this  interval  no  person  could  go  upon 
the  "  ramparts,  bullwarks,  rondeels  or  batteries  of  the  city,'' 
on  pain  of  corporal  punishment,  but  if  any  person  "  with- 
out any  distinction,''  dared  to  enter  or  leave  the  city  except 
through  the  city  gate,  death  was  the  penalty.  At  the  fort 
the  soldiers  were  daily  paraded  and  exercised,  the  guard 


*Now  state  of  New  York. 
tCitizen  on  guard. 


11 


mounted  the  ramparts  upon  duty,  the  sentinels  were  station- 
ed at  the  gates,  the  reveille  was  played  each  morning  at  day- 
break, the  tap-toe  beaten  each  evening  at  nine  o'clock,  in 
unison  with  the  city  bell,  and  the  daily  discharges  of  musket- 
ry and  occasional  roar  of  artillery,  were  heard  in  echoes  at 
Flatten  Barrack,  Golden  and  Potbakers'  Hills,  or  in  rever- 
beration along  the  surrounding  shores  and  forests. 

Every  day  a  corporal's  guard  was  on  duty  from  each  com- 
pany in  garrison,*  when  the  muskets  were  examined  by  the 
Serjeants  and  corporals.  The  guard  was  on  duty  in  the 
afternoon  at  one  o'clock,  and  on  Sunday  at  twelve,  during 
which  time  the  gates  were  shut.  A  lieutenant  or  ensign 
alternately  remained  on  guard  in  the  fort,  and  reported  to 
the  governor  the  transactions  of  the  day.  The  gates  were 
opened  at  day-light,  and  locked  in  the  evening  before 
it  was  dark.  When  the  tap-toe  was  beaten,  at  nine  o'clock, 
all  the  soldiers  and  sailors  were  allowed  to  go  to  sleep — 
"  without  making  any  noise.''  The  corporals  changed  their 
sentinels  at  night  each  half  hour.  The  chief-round  (hoofd- 
rond)  went  before  midnight  and  received  the  parole,  but 
at  least  one  adelborstt  previously  made  the  round;  and 
after  the  chief-round,  the  adelborsten,  from  time  to  time,  went 
the  rounds.  In  like  manner  on  Sundays,  during  the  sermon, 
he  went  the  rounds  in  the  forenoon  and  afternoon,  and 
visited  the  walls.  Their  duty  was  to  see  that  the  soldiers 
kept  their  barracks  and  dwelliugs  clean,  and  never  to  allow 
any  dirt  or  water  to  be  thrown  in  the  fort.  The  corporals 
changed  their  sentinels  in  the  day  time  as  circumstances 
required — their  duty  was  to  see  that  the  muskets  were 
cleaned  and  well  charged,  to  pay  attention  to  all  sorts  of 
ammunition,  to  examine  the  bandeliers,  (cartridge-boxes,) 
to  be  continually  on  the  alert  to  take  care  that  their  men 

*  The  major  of  the  garrison,  was  ensign  Jan  Sol. 
+  A  grade  only  above  a  common  soldier. 


12 


remained  in  or  near  the  guard-house,  to  permit  not  more 
than  three  or  four  to  go  at  once  to  dine,  to  prevent  the 
introduction  into  the  guard-house  of  any  strong  liquor,  to 
instruct  and  continually  exercise  the  soldiers,  inculcate 
strict  discipline,  and  finally,  principally  to  pay  attention 
"  that  neither  Dutch  nor  Englishmen  should  enter  the  gates 
of  the  fort  without  permission,  the  magistrates  of  the  city 
only  excepted,  much  less  that  any  person  whatsoever 
should  walk  on  the  batteries." 

In  consequence  of  the  great  disorders  which  had  arisen 
in  the  fort  among  the  soldiers,  a  code  of  military  law  con- 
taining nineteen  articles  was  promulgated  by  the  governor, 
and  the  corporals  were  bound  to  read  aloud  these  "  orders" 
every  time  they  were  on  guard,  "  that  no  one  might  in  future 
presume  to  pretend  his  ignorance."  By  this  code  they 
were  liable  to  be  punished  for  the  first  crime  of  blasphemy, 
with  confinement  on  bread  and  water  three  days  ;  for  a 
second  otieuce,  the  offender's  tongue  u  should  be  perfo- 
rated with  a  hot  iron,"  and  he  banished  the  province. 
Death  was  decreed  for  mutiny,  or  for  leaving  his  corps  de 
garde  without  permission  from  his  corporal,  or  remaining 
at  night  out  the  fort  without  permission  of  his  captain,  for 
challenging  to  fight,  for  disobedience  to  the  commands  of 
his  superior,  or  to  u  the  command  communicated  with  the 
beating  of  the  drum  ;"  or  if  a  soldier  should  "  oppose  him- 
self to  his  officer  or  commander,"  or  in  general  neglect  his 
duty  when  on  guard  or  service,  or  if  he  should  leave  his 
post,  or  the  sentinel  be  found  sleeping  when  on  duty,  "  he 
should  lose  his  life  without  any  mercy  ;"  for  wounding 
another  so  that  blood  followed  he  shoujd  lose  his  hand,  or 
if  in  any  fight  or  strife  he  cried  to  his  comrade  to  assist  him, 
he  u  should  be  hung  and  strangled."  This  punishment 
should  also  be  inflicted  for  going  out  or  coming  into  the 
fort  except  through  the  ordinary  gate.    Whoever  became 


13 


intoxicated  during  guard  was  cashiered  and  banished  the 
company.  He  who  did  not  appear  on  parade,  should 
have  his  guard  located  to  another,  be  placed  on  the  wooden 
horse,  and  still  be  compelled  to  go  on  guard. 

The  commissary  distributed  to  each  man  per  week  3£ 
lbs.  beef,  and  2  lbs.  pork ;  or  if  beef  only  was  distributed,  the 
ration  (rantsoen)  was  7  lbs.  beef  or  4  pork  ;  7  lbs.  bread  ; 
i  lb.  butter  or  the  value  of  2  st.  Holland  value.  For  7 
men  per  week  £  vat  of  small  beer.  For  each  man  per 
month  li  pints  peas;  and  for  every  man  \  schepel  salt 
every  three  months.  The  serjeant  and  gunners  (constopels) 
received  the  ration  for  \\  man,  the  corporals  for  l£  man. 

Before  the  date  of  the  governor's  commission,  one  of 
the  first  acts  of  the  military  tribunal  was  to  invite  the  citi- 
zens to  assemble  and  appoint  a  committee  of  six  to  confer 
at  the  City  Hall  with  the  commanders  and  military  council. 
Accordingly,  on  the  15th  August,  these  six  deputies  held 
the  conference,  and  received  a  request  to  call  a  meeting  of 
the  citizens  to  nominate  a  list  of  six  persons  for  burgomas- 
ters, and  fifteen  for  schepens,  "of  the  best  and  most  respect- 
able citizens,  of  the  reformed  christian  religion  only." 

The  citizens  (16th  August)  nominated  by  a  majority  of 
votes  :  For  burgomasters,  Cornelis  Steenwyck,  Cornelis 
Van  Ruyven,  Johannis  Van  Brugh,t  Marten  Cregier,  Jo- 
hannis  de  Peyster,t  and  Nicholas  Bayard.  For  schepent, 
Jeronimus  Ebbingh,*]:  Willam  Beeckman^  Egidius  Luyck, 
Jacob  Kip,J  Gelyn  Verplanck,{  Lourans  Van  de  Spiegel,! 
Balthazaer  Bayard,  Francois  Rombouts,  Stephen  Van 
Cortlant,  Adolph  Pietersen,  Reynier  Willemsen,  Peter 

*  Whose  wife,  then  here,  was  Johanna  de  Laet,  daughter  of  the  deceased 
Johannis  de  Laet,  one  of  the  first  directors  of  the  West  India  company,  and 
author  of  the  History  of  that  company,  viz  :  "  Historie,  &,c.  West-Indische 
Companie:  Tot  Leyden,  1644;"  and  the  History  of  the  West  Indies, 
("Nieuw  Wereld,  &c")  Amsterdam,  1625, 


14 


Jacobsen,  Jan  Vigne,  Pieter  Stoutenburg,  and  Coenract 
Ten  Eyck. 

Those  marked  t  were  appointed  burgomasters,  and  Egi- 
dius  Luyck  the  third  burgomaster.  Those  marked  J  were 
elected  schepens,  and  Anthony  De  Mill,  sheriff,  and  took 
an  oath  of  allegiance  "  to  the  high  and  mighty  lords  the 
States-general  of  the  United  Netherlands  and  his  high- 
ness the  lord  prince  of  Orange,"  to  obey  their  magistrates, 
who  were  or  might  be  appointed,  administer  equal  justice  to 
parties,  promote  the  welfare  of  the  city,  "  defend  and  pro- 
tect in  every  part  the  sincere  and  true  Christian  reli- 
gion, in  conformity  to  the  Synod  of  Dordrecht,  as  instructed 
in  the  churches  of  Netherlands' 

A  proclamation  was  then  issued,  (August  18,)  restoring 
the  form  of  the  government  of  the  city  to  its  ancient  char- 
acter of  sheriff,  burgomasters,  and  schepens,  as  practised 
Cl  in  all  the  cities  of  our  Fatherland  and  the  officers  now 
commissioned  and  proclaimed  were  directed  in  addition  to 
the  duties  indicated  by  their  oath,  to  govern  the  inhabitants, 
citizens  and  strangers,  "  in  conformity  to  the  laws  and 
statutes  of  our  Fatherland." 

The  same  day  a  sequestration  was  ordered,  by  the  mili- 
tary council,  of  the  property  belonging  to  England,  France, 
or  their  subjects. 

The  commission  for  Governor  bore  dale  the  17th  Sep- 
tember. After  he  and  his  council  were  left  in  the  full 
exercise  of  supreme  legislative,  executive  and  judicial 
authority,  they  issued  the  following  instructions. 

Instructions  for  Jacobus  Vande  Water,  as  Mayor  and  Auditor 
of  the  city  of  New-Orange. 
1st.  The  mayor  shall  take  good  care  that,  in  the  morn- 
ing, the  gates  are  opened  with  sun-rise,  and  locked  again 
in  the  evening  at  sun-set — for  which  purpose  he  shall  go  to 


15 

the  principal  guard,  (the  hoofd  wagt,)  and  there  address 
himself  to  the  commanding  officer,  and  demand,  to  conduct 
him  thither,  at  least  a  serjeant  with  six  soldiers  (schutters,) 
all  armed  with  guns — with  these  he  shall  proceed  to  the 
fort  to  fetch  the  keys,  and  return  these  again  there,  as  soon 
as  the  gates  are  opened  or  shut.  There  he  shall  receive  the 
watch-word  (parol)  from  the  governor,  or  from  the  officer 
commanding  in  his  absence  ;  when  he  shall  again  return  to 
the  City  Hall,  and  deliver  the  received  orders  to  the  serjeant 
of  the  guard,  to  be  further  notified  where  it  ought  to  be. 

2.  The  mayor  shall  be  present  at  all  military  tribunals, 
and  have  his  vote  in  his  turn,  next  the  youngest  ensign. 

3.  The  mayor  may  every  night  make  the  round,  give 
the  watch-word  to  the  corporal,  visit  the  guards,  and  if 
there  are  some  absent,  make  the  next  day  his  report  to  the 
governor. 

3.  As  auditor,  he  shall  act  in  the  military  council  as 
secretary,  and  take  care  that  a  correct  register  is  kept  of 
all  the  transactions.  This  book  Notules  shall  remain 
under  the  care  of  the  auditor — and  deliver  no  copy  of  it, 
except  upon  special  orders. 

Done  at  "  Fort  WILLEM  HENDRICK." 

12  Jan.  1674. 

Provisional  instructions  for  the  Sheriff,  Burgomasters  and 
Schepens,  of  the  city  of  New-Orange* 

1.  The  sheriff  and  magistrates  shall,  each  in  their  qua- 
lity, take  proper  care,  that  the  reformed  Christian  religion, 
in  conformity  to  the  synod  of  Dordrecht,  is  maintained — 
without  permitting  that  any  thing  contrary  to  it  shall  be 
attempted  by  any  other  sect. 

2.  The  sheriff  shall  be  present  at  all  meetings,  and  then 
preside,  except  that  his  honour  the  governor,  or  any  other 
person  commissioned  by  him,  was  present,  who  in  such 


16 


case  shall  preside,  when  the  sheriff  shall  follow  in  order  the 
youngest  burgomaster.  But  whenever  the  sheriff  is  acting 
in  behalf  of  justice,  or  in  any  other  manner  as  plaintiff, 
then  in  such  case  he  shall,  after  having  made  his  conclu- 
sion, rise  from  his  seat,  and  absent  himself  from  the  bench 
during  the  decision. 

3.  All  cases  relative  to  the  police,  security,  and  peace 
of  the  inhabitants — so  too  of  justice  between  man  and  man, 
shall  be  determined  by  definitive  sentences  by  the  schout, 
burgomasters  and  schepens,  to  the  amount  of  fifty  beavers 
and  below  it — but  in  all  cases  exceeding  that  sum,  all  per- 
sons are  free  to  appeal  to  the  governor-general  and  council 
here. 

4.  All  criminal  delicts,  committed  here  within  this  city 
and  its  jurisdiction,  shall  be  judged  by  the  aforesaid  sheriff, 
burgomasters  and  schepens,  who  shall  have  power  to  sen- 
tence and  judge  even  punishment  of  death — provided  that 
all  judgments  and  corporal  punishments  shall  not  be  exe- 
cuted before  these  are  approved  by  the  governor-general 
and  his  council,  this  approbation  being  demanded  and 
obtained. 

5.  The  meetings  shall  be  convocated  by  the  president 
burgomaster,  which  he  shall  communicate  the  day  before  to 
captain  Willem  Knyff — who  by  this  is  provisionally  au- 
thorized and  qualified  to  be  present  at  the  meetings,  and 
preside  in  them  in  the  name  and  in  the  behalf  of  the  go- 
vernor, and  so  to  the  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens. 

6.  All  proposals  shall  be  made  by  the  first  burgomaster, 
which  proposal  being  made,  then  shall  upon  it,  the  first 
advice  be  given  by  him  who  presides  in  the  name  of  the 
governor — and  so  of  course  by  the  remaining  magistrates 
each  in  his  rank ;  and  after  the  collection  of  votes,  it  shall 
by  the  majority  be  concluded.  But  if  it  happen  that 
the  votes  are  equal,  then  the  president  may  conclude  with 


17 


his  vote,  in  which  case  those  of  the  contrary  opinion,  or  the 
minority,  may  have  their  opinion  placed  on  the  protocol ; 
but  may  not  divulge  it  in  public,  under  the  penalty  of 
an  arbitrary  correction. 

7.  The  burgomasters  shall  change  their  rank  each  half 
year,  when  the  oldest  shall  be  first  president,  and  he  who 
follows  him  the  next — but  for  this  year  the  change  shall  be 
every  fourth  month,  because  this  year  three  burgomasters 
have  been  appointed. 

8.  The  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens  shall  hold 
their  sessions  as  often  as  it  may  be  required,  provided  they 
determine  on  fixed  days. 

9.  The  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens  are  autho- 
rized to  resolve  for  the  benefit,  tranquillity,  and  peace  of  the 
inhabitants  of  their  district,  and  publish  and  fix,  with  the 
approbation  of  the  governor,  any  statutes,  ordinances  and 
placards  :  provided  that  they  are  not  contrary,  but,  as  far 
as  it  may  be  possible,  agreeing  with  the  laws  and  statute* 
of  our  Fatherland. 

10.  The  said  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens,  shall 
be  obliged  to  a  rigid  observance  of  all  the  placards  and 
ordinances  which  are  commanded  and  published  \y  su- 
preme authority,  and  see  that  these  are  executed,  and  not 
to  permit  that  any  act  to  the  contrary  is  performed,  but 
that  the  contraveners  are  prosecuted  in  conformity  to  its 
contents  ;  and  that,  further,  all  such  orders  shall  be 
promptly  executed,  which  shall  be  conveyed  to  them  by 
the  governor-general  from  time  to  time. 

11.  The  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens,  shall  be 
further  obliged  to  acknowledge  their  high  and  mighty  lords 
the  States-general  of  the  United  Netherlands,  and  his 
serene  highness  the  lord  prince  of  Orange,  as  their  supreme 
sovereign,  and  to  maintain  their  high  jurisdiction,  rights 
and  domains  in  this  country. 

3 


18 


12.  The  election  of  all  inferior  officers  and  ministers 
for  the  service  of  the  aforesaid  sheriff,  burgomasters  and 
schepens— the  secretary's  office  only  excepted,  shall  be 
elected  and  confirmed  by  themselves. 

13.  The  sheriff  shall  carry  into  execution  all  the  sen- 
tences of  burgomasters  and  schepens  without  releasing 
any  individual  except  with  advice  of  the  Court — and  take 
particularly  good  care  that  the  resort  subjected  to  him, 
be  thoroughly  cleansed  from  all  villainies,  brothels  and 
similar  impurities. 

14.  The  sheriff  shall  enjoy  all  the  fines  during  the  time 
of  his  service,  provided  that  these  shall  not  exceed  the 
gum  of  twelve  hundred  gilders  sewants  value,  annually — 
which  sum  having  received,  he  shall  of  all  the  other  fines 
receive  the  just  half,  provided  that  he  shall  neither  direct- 
ly nor  indirectly  enter  into  a  compromise  with  any  delin- 
quent, but  leave  this  to  the  judicature  of  the  magistrates. 

15.  The  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens  aforesaid, 
shall  on  the  11th  day  of  the  month  of  August,  being  eight 
days  before  the  day  of  election  of  the  new  magistrates,  call 
a  meeting,  and  in  the  presence  of  a  committee  chosen  for 
that  purpose  by  the  governor-general,  nominate  a  double 
number  of  the  best  qualified,  honest  and  respectable  inhabi- 
tants, and  only  such  as  are  of  the  reformed  christian  reli- 
gion, or  who  are  at  least  favourable  to  it,  and  well  affec- 
tionate, for  sheriff,  burgomasters  and  schepens  aforesaid, 
which  nomination  that  same  day  shall  be  sealed  and  deliver- 
ed, from  which  then  the  election  shall  be  made  on  the  17th 
of  the  month  of  August,  with  the  continuation  of  some  of 
the  old  magistrates,  if  it  was  judged  proper  or  necessary. 

Done  in  Fort  Willem  Hendrick,  15  Jan.  1674, 
By  order  of  the  governor  general  of  Netherland. 

(Was  signed.)  N.  Bayard,  Secretary, 


19 


In  August,  1674,  the  re-election  of  city  officers  took 
place,  "  agreeably  to  custom,  and  the  specific  instructions 
of  the  governor."  The  old  sheriff,  burgomasters  and 
schepens,  accordingly  met  at  the  City  Hall,  the  place  of  their 
sessions,  and  nominated  a  double  list  of  "  the  most  respec- 
table and  wealthiest  inhabitants,"  viz  : 

For  Burgomasters — *  Willem  Beeckman,  OlolF  Steven- 
sen  Cortland. 

For  Schefexs — *  Stephanus  Van  Cortland,  *  Ffrancois 
Rombouts,  Jan  Vigne,  Peter  Jacobsen  Marius,  *  Christo- 
pher Hoogland,  Gerret  Van  Tricht. 

At  the  close  of  the  preceding  year,  the  expenses  incur- 
red in  repairing  the  fortifications  and  providing  for  the  pub- 
lic defence,  amounted  to  1 1,G00  gilders. 

In  the  begining  of  the  next  year,  (or  in  Feb.  1G74,)  the 
Burgomasters  and  Schepens  of  the  city,  notified  the  gover- 
nor by  a  petition,  that  having  become  greatly  indebted  by 
these  "  excessive  expenses,"  and  being  daily  vexed  by  some 
of  their  creditors  to  make  payment,  they  solicited  that 
some  expedient  might  be  invented  from  which  these  incur- 
red expenses,  with  others  yet  to  be  made  to  finish  the  fortifi- 
cations— might  be  liquidated. — Having  taking  it  in  serious 
consideration,  the  governor  deemed  that,  for  the  present 
time,  no  remedy  more  prompt,  more  efficacious  and  equita- 
ble could  be  applied  or  discovered,  than  that  this  money 
should  be  obtained  by  a  taxation  of  the  wealthiest  inhabi 
tants,  "  so  as  often  in  similar  occurrences  had  been  put  iu 
practice  in  our  Fatherland,"  wherefore  he  deemed  it  ne- 
cessary to  command  "  that  by  a  calculation,  a  tax  be  levied 
on  the  property  of  this  state  without  exception — from  all 
the  inhabitants  of  this  city  New-Orange — those  only  except- 
ed whose  estates  are  calculated  not  to  exceed  the  sum  of  one 

These  marked  *  were  elected,  and  the  others  were  J.  Van  Brug,  old  Bur. 
gomaster,  Jacob  Kip,  presiding  Schepen— and  Gelyn  Verplanck,  Schepn. 


20 


thousand  gilders,  "  seewants  value  and  that  the  aforesaid 
tax  might  be  levied  in  the  most  reasonable  and  less  oppres- 
sive manner,  it  was  resolved  that  it  should  be  levied  and 
collected  by  six  impartial  men,  viz  :  two  in  behalf  of  the 
government,  two  from  the  magistrates,  and  two  from  the 
community  in  this  city  ;  and  for  this  end  the  governor  ap- 
pointed and  qualified  in  behalf  of  the  supreme  sovereign, 
the  member  of  council,  Cornelis  Steenwyck,  with  the 
fecretary,  N.  Bayard  :  from  the  community,  Cornelis  Van 
Ruyven  and  Oloff  Stevensen  Van  Cortlant,  who,  with  the 
committee  of  the  magistrates  to  be  appointed  by  them,  were 
authorized  to  execute  the  aforesaid  taxation,  and  render  to 
him  a  written  report. 

The  commissioners  immediately  entered  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  their  duty,  assessed  the  estates  and  made  their 
report,  from  which,  and  from  the  corrections  made  after- 
wards in  their  estimate,  the  following  list  will  exhibit  names 
of  the  "  most  wealthy  inhabitants,"  and  consequently  the 
value  of  this  city  one  hundred  and  fifty -two  years  ago. 


Adolph  Peterson,  (1)  estate  valu- 
ed at  (gilders  Holland  value  J 

1000 

Andrias  Jochems,  300 
Albert  Bosch,  500 
Abram  Carmar,  300 
Allard  Anthony,  (2)  1000 
Abraham  Jansen,  Carpenter,  600 
Anthony  Jansen  Van  Sale,  1000 
Adrian  Vincent,  1000 
Abel  Hardenbroeck,  1000 
Abraham  Verplanck,  300 
Asser  Leevy,  2600 
Abram  Lubbersen,  300 
Anthony  De,  1000 


Anna  Van  Borssum*  2000 
Barent  Coersen,  3500 
Balthasar  Bayard,  (3;  1500 
Boele  Roelofsen,  600 
Barnadus  Hasfalt,  300 
Bay  Croe  Svelt,  1000 
Balthasar  de  Haerts  House,  2000 
Claes  Lock,  600 
Carsten  Leursen,  5000 
Cornelis  Steenwych,  (4)  50,000 
Cornelis  Van  Ruyven  (5)  18000 
Cornelis  Janse  van  Hooren,  500 
Claes  Bordingth,  1500 
Coenraet  Ten  Eyck,  (6)  5000 
Christopher  Hoogland,  (7)  5000 


(1)  See  pages  13,  14.    (2)  Notary  Public.    (3)  See  pages  13,  14. 
(4)  Captain  of  infantry,  counsellor  of  state,  &c.  &c.  see  pages  13, 14. 
(5)  page  13,  14. 

(6)  He  resided  at  Coenties  slip,  and  he  and  his  wife  Jane  gave  name 
to  this  slip,  which  originally  was  "  Coen  &  Antyes"  slip.  His  tannery 
was  on  mire  lane,  see  page.    (7)  Schepenj  page  19- 


21 


Cornelis  Chopper,  5000 
Corel  Van  Brugges's houses,  1000 

Cornelis  Van  Borssum,  8000 

David  Wessels,  800 
Cornell   Direksen,  from 

westveen,  1200 
Cornelis  Barentse  Vander 

Cuvll,  400 
Dirck  Smet,  2000 
David  Jochems,  1000 
Daniel  Hendricks,  500 
Dirck  Van  Cleef,  1500 
Dirck  Wiggerse,  800 
Dir  ,k  Sieken,  2000 
Dirck  Claesse,  Potter,  700 
Aegidius  Luyk,  (8)  5000 
Egbert  Wouterse,  400 
Evert  Pieterse,  2000 
Evert  Wesselse  Kuyper,  300 
Evert  Duyckingh,  "  1600 
Ephraim  Harmans,  (9)  1000 
Elisabeth  Driseus,  2000 
Elisabeth  Bedloo,  1000 
Ffrancois  Rornbouts?  (10)  5000 
Ffredrick  Philipse,  80000 
Ffredrick  Arentse,  turner,  400 
Ffredrick  Gisberts,  400 
Guiliane  Verplanck,  (11)  5000 
Guiliam  de  Honioud,  400 
Gapriel  Minville,  (11)  10000 
Gerret  Gullevever,  500 
Mary  Loockermans,  2000 
Harmanus  Burger,  &  Co.  400 
Hendrick  Kip,  sen.  300 
Hendrick  Bosch,  400 
Hendrick  Wessels  Smit  1200 
Hendrick  Gillesse,  Shoem- 
aker. 300 


Hendrick  Willemse  Backer  2000 
Herrnanus  Van  Borsum.  600 
Hans  Kierstede,  2000 
Hendrick  Van  Dvke,  300 
Hartman  Wessels,  300 
Harmen  Srnecmar,  300 
Henry  Bresier,  300 
Johnannes  Van  Brugh,  (12) 

1400 

Johnnis  de  Peyster,  (13)  15C00 
Jeronimus  Ebbingh,  14)  30000 
Jacob  Kip,  (15)  4000 
Tsaacq  Van  Vlecq,  1500 
Jan  Mleynder  se  Karman,  200 
Isack  de  Foreest,  1500 
Junan  Blanck,  1300 
Jacob  de  Naers,  5000 
Jan  Hendrick  Van  Bommel, 

1500, 

Jacob  Leumen,  300 
Jeremias  Jansen  Hagenaer,  400 
Jacobus  Van  de  Water,  (16) 

2500 

Jan  Dirckse  Meyer,  600 
Isacq  Van  Tricht,  in  his  bro- 
thers house,  2000 
Jacob  Abrahamse,  Shoema- 
ker, 2500 
Jan  Van  Bree  Steede,  500 
Jonas  Bartels,  3000 
Jan  Herberdingh,  2000 
Jacob  Teuniss  Key,  8000 
Jan  Spiegelaer,  500 
Jan  Jansen,  Carpenter,  300 
John  Lawrence,  (17)  4000O 
James  Matheus,  1 000 

Jan  Pieay,  Pipe-maker,  30(1 
Jan  Coely  Smet,  1200 
Jan  Schakerley,  1400 


(8)  See  pages  13,  14.     He  was  rector  of  the  latin  school. 

(9)  Secretary  to  the  sessions  of  the  Schout  Burgomaster  and  Schepens 

(10)  Seepages  13,  14.    Schepen  page  19. 

(11)  Schepen,  see  pages  19,  13,  14.  He  and  Gabriel  Minveille 
and  Oloft  Stevensen  Van  Cortlandt,  were  commissioners  to  liquidate 
the  demands  against  the  estate  of  theci  devant  Governor  Loveloce. 

(12)  pages  13  14,  19.  Burgomaster.  (13)  do.  (14)  Schepen  see  pages 
13,  14. 

(15)  Presiding  Schepen,  pages  13,  14,  19. 

(16)  Mayor  and  "  Auditeur,"   (17)  xMerchant. 


22 


Jan  Joosten,  Barquier,  2500 
Jacob  Leyslaer,  (18)  15000 
Jan  Viffne,  (19)  1000 
Ja^ob  Varrevanger,  8000 
Laurens  Jan  sen  Smet,  300 
Luycas  Aridiies,  Barquier,  1500 
Laurens  Van  de  Spiegel,  6000 
Lamraert  Huybertse  Moll,  300 
Laurens  Hoist,  300 
Luvckes  Tienboven,  600 
Marten  Kregier,  sen.  (20)  2000 
Marten  Jan  sen  Meyer,  500 
Mp-theys  de  Haert,  '  12000 
Nicholas  de  Meyer,  50000 
Nicholas  Bayard,  (21  j  1000 
Nicholas  du  Fuy,  600 
Nicolas  Jansen  Backer,  700 
Olof  Stevensen  Van  Cortland, 

(22 )  45000 
Peter  Jacobs  Marius,  5000 


Peter  Nys,  500 
Paulus  Richard,  5000 
Peter  de  Riemer,  800 
Paulus  Tureq,  300 
Pieter  Van  de  Water,  400 
Pieter  Jansen  Mesier,  300 
Philip  Johns,  600 
Reynier  Willemse,  (23) 

Backer,  .  5000 

Stephanus  Van  Cortland, 

(24;  5000 
Simon  Jantz  Romeyn,  1200 
Sibout  Claess,  500 
S'ouwert  Olp  heresse,  600 
Thomas  Leurs,  6000 
Thomas  Louwerss,  Backer, 

1000 

Wilhelm  Beeckmau,  (25;  3000 
Wander  Wessels,  600 
Willem  Van  der  Schueven,  300 


This  taxation  was  made  by  the  committee  to  their  best 
knowledge  of  the  capital  which  the  inhabitants  possessed. 

From  this  list  it  appears  that  134  estates  were  taxed,  that  the 
aggregate  amount  was  about  £95,000,  a  sum  much  less  than  that 
which  many  of  the  descendants  of  those  u  wealthy  inhabitants" 
would  at  the  present  day  be  willing  to  acknowledge  as  the  fair  va- 
luation of  their  individual  property. 

Previously  to  an  explanation  of  the  references  denoted  by 
letters  and  figures  in  the  View,  I  will  notice  the  currency  and 
measures  which  are  referred  to  in  these  notes,  viz:  seawant, 
beavers,  gilders  and  stivers;  a  last  and  a  schepel.  Cash 
was  so  scarce  in  the  ancient  city,  that  even  the  ministers 
of  the  Gospel,  and  the  West  India  company's  officers  and  ser- 
vants, were  paid  in  seawant  or  beavers.    In  16G0,  ministers 


(18)  After  the  revolution  in  England  in  1688,  he  seized  the  fort,  as- 
sumed the  government,  over  the  province  of  New-York,  was  tried 
and  condemed  for  pretended  treason,  and  executed  near  the  present 
gaol  of  the  city.    (19)  Pages  13,  14,  19.    (20)  Pages  13,  14,  19. 

(21)  Held  a  monoply  of  officers,  sec  page.  (22)  Burgomester,  page  19.. 

(23)  See  page  22b.    (24)  Schepen,  page  31* 

(25)  Burgomaster,  page  19  see  page  13,  14. 


23 


were  to  be  paid  in  beavers,  at  £1  3  4  a  piece,  and  as  these 
Holland  at  £l  10.  In  1663,  the  officers  and  servants  were 
paid  in  beavers  at  j£l  0  0.  Seawant,  or  seawan,  was  the  name 
of  Indian  money.  It  was  called  also  wampum  (wampum  peague 
or  peague.)  It  consisted  of  beads  formed  of  the  shells  of  the 
quahaug,  a  shell  fish  formerly  abounding  on  our  coasts,  but 
ately  of  less  general  occurrence.  It  was  of  two  colours,  the 
black  being  held  of  twice  the  value  of  the  white.  Indeed,  this 
last  was  formed  of  another  shell  fish,  called  metau  hock  or  peri- 
winkle, and  was  more  strictly  the  wampum,  while  the  black  was 
called  svckau  hock.  Their  current  value,  was  six  beads  of  the 
white,  or  three  of  the  black,  for  an  English  penny.  Seawant 
was  also  taken  from  the  common  oyster  shell,  then  bored  and 
strung. 

The  first  accounts  of  the  English  dealing  in  this  currency,  are 
in  1627.  In  1641,  an  ordinance  in  council  in  this  city,  passed 
by  governor  Kieft,  recited  that  a  vast  deal  of  bad  seawant, 
"  nasty  rough  things  imported  from  other  places,"  was  in 
circulation,  while  the  "  good  splendid  seawant,  usually  called 
Manhattan's  seawant,  was  out  of  sight,  or  exported,  which  must 
cause  the  ruin  of  the  country  !"  Therefore  all  coarse  seawant, 
well  stringed,  should  pass  at  six  for  one  stuyver  only,  but  the 
well  polished  at  four  for  a  stuyver,  and  whoever  offered  or 
received  the  same  at  a  different  price,  should  forfeit  the  same 
and  ten  gilders  to  the  poor. 

In  1657,  this  currency  was  reduced  foom  six  to  eight  for  a 
stuyver.    A  stuyver  was  two  pence,  and  a  gilder  3s.  4d. 

Among  the  measures,  were  a  last,  which  contained  108  sche- 
pels,  or  81£  bushels,  and  a  schepel,  f  of  a  bushel. 

VIEW. — A.  The  vessels  lying  on  the  North  river  side  of  the 
Capsey,  (Jig.  1 )  were  Fort  Orangiensche  oft  Albanishe  Jachtcn  : 
Fort  Orange  or  Albany  sloops.  In  the  East  river,  the  "  Surrinam," 
44  gun  ship,  is  designed  to  be  represented,  besides  some  smaller 
Tessels,  as  the ft  Snaeuw,  and  the  City  Leghter."  The  Surrinam, 
under  immediate  command  of  Governor  Colve,  and  the  "Zee 
Hond"  (Sea-dog,)  commanded  by  Commodore  Evertsen,  were 


24 


allowed  by  the  "noble  commanders  of  the  military  tribunal"  to 
remain  during  the  year,  and  until  further  provision  should  be 
made  for  the  protection  of  the  city.  They  were  here  the  next 
year,  for  in  March,  1674,  it  was  adjudged  that  as  the  vessels  in 
the  harbor  {fig.  3)  near  the  weigh-scales  (see  H)  might,  on  the 
arrival  of  an  enemy,  lay  too  much  in  the  way,  and  hinder  the 
defence,  they  should  be  secured ;  and  therefore  all  the  "  skip- 
pers, barquiers  and  boatsmen  in  the  city,"  were  commanded 
to  lay  their  vessels  at  anchor  in  deep  water  before  the  city,  and 
on  the  arrival  of  more  than  one  ship  to  secure  them  in  the  rear 
of  the  ship  Surrinam,  near  the  Rondeel,  (see  R.  1.)  before  the 
residence  of  the  widow  Loockermairs,  under  the  penalty  that  all 
those  vessels  laying  in  the  harbor  at  such  a  time,  should  be  burnt 
without  discrimination. 

Some  of  the  public  and  private  vessels  that  entered  and  de- 
parted this  port  during  the  Dutch  dynasty,  were — in  the  time  of 
Van  Twiller,  the  yacht,  the  Hoop,  conquered  by  him  in  1632, 
the  ship  Soutberg,  or  Salt  Mountain,  in  which  he  returned  from 
Holland  in  1633,  the  yachten,  or  sloops  Prince  William,  Am- 
sterdam, Wesel,  and  Peace.  The  most  conspicuous  vessels  in 
the  period  of  KeifVs  government,  were  the  ship  Harring,  in 
which  he  arrived,  March  28,  1638,  and  the  "  Angel  Gabriel," 
which  he  freighted. 

During  the  protracted  government  of  Stuyvesant,  who  began 
his  administration  on  his  arrival  with  three  ships,  May  11, 1647, 
and  ended  it  on  the  surrender,  September  6, 1 664,  the  public  ships, 
and  private  commercial  vessels,  became  comparatively  nume- 
rous. The  harbor  was  now  visited  by  "  the  arms  of  Amsterdam," 
the  u  Arms  of  Renselaerwyck,"  the  a  Arms  of  Stuyvesant,"  the 
"King  David,"  the  "Gideon,"  the  "Gilded  Eagle,"  "Queen 
Esther,"  the  "Rose  Tree,"  "St.  Jacob,"  "King  Solomon,"  the 
"  Fox,"  the  "  Pear  Tree/'  "  De  Trow,"  "  Oak  Tree,"  the  "  Great 
Christopher,"  the  "Gilded  Otter,"  "Crowned  Sea  Bears,"  and 
the  "  Spotted  Cow." 

Fig.  1.  The  Capsey  or  dividing  point  between  the  North  and 

*  See  View. 


26 


East  rivers.  This  point  terminated  at  a  very  short  distance  south 
of  State  street,  which  was  formerly  called  Capsey  street,  and  was 
the  ancient  boundary  of  the  shore.  The  front  row  of  buildings 
from  fig.  I  to  S,  were  upon  this  street,  and  extended  to  White 
Hall  street.  The  next  row  near  the  fort,  formed  Pearl  street, 
which  then  extended  only  to  White  Hall  street.  Between  Pearl 
street  and  the  fort,  stood  the  large  wooden-horse  ten  or  twelve 
feet  high,  with  an  edged  back,  on  which  the  culprit  was  seated- 
and  his  legs  fastened  with  a  chain  to  an  iron  stirrup,  and  sometimes 
a  weight  was  fastened  to  the  foot.  The  horse  is  invisible  on  the 
present  prospect,  as  well  as  the  tavern  distinguished  as  "  the  sign 
of  the  Wooden  Horse." 

B.  Vlagg-Spil  daer  de  vlag  wordt  opgehaelt  ah  er  comen 
Scheepen  in  dese  Haven,  the  flag-staff  whereon  the  flng  was  hoist- 
ed upon  the  arrival  of  vessels  into  the  harbor. 

C.  Fort  Amsterdam,  genaamt  James-Fort  by  de  Engelsche. 
Fort  Amsterdam,  otherwise  called  James-Fort  by  the  English. 
The  name  officially  given  to  the  fort  in  1 673,  was  "fort  Willem 
Hendrick."  It  was  first  erected  and  finished  in  1635,  by  Gov. 
Van  T wilier,  neglected  by  Governor  Kieft,  repaired  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  stone  wall  by  Governor  Stuyvesant,  and  demolish- 
ed, and  the  ground  levelled  in  1790  and  '91.  It  was  situated  di- 
rectly south  of  the  Bowling  green,  on  high  ground,  was  in  shape 
of  a  regular  square,  with  four  bastions,  had  two  gates,  and 
mounted  forty-two  cannon. 

D.  Gevangen  Huys.  The  prison-house  or  gaol.  It  was  of 
stone  and  built  by  Governor  Kieft. 

E.  Gereformeerde  Kerck.  The  reformed  Dutch  Church 
was  erected  within  the  fort,  by  Governor  Kieft,  in  1642.  It 
was  of  stone,  and  covered  with  oak  shingles,  which  exposed  to 
the  weather,  soon  resembled  slate.  The  motives  that  induced 
Governor  Kieft  to  become  the  founder  of  the  first  church  in  this 
city,  may  be  best  related  in  the  words  of  captain  David  Pietersz 
de  Vriez  a  artillery  meester  van  ?t  noorder  Quartier,"  who  per- 
formed three  voyages  to  New  Netherlands,  associated  with  Kil- 
liaen  Van  Rensalaer  and  others,  in  1630  to  colonize  this  region 
attempted  a  colony  at  the  Hore-Kill  on  the  Delaware,  in  the  time.. 

4 


26 


of  Van  Twiller,  and  another  on  "  Staaten  Eylandt,"  which  he 
sustained  till  the  troubles  with  the  Indians  in  the  latter  time  of 
Kieft,  drove  him  to  abandon  the  country.  De  Vriez  observes  : 
"As  I  was  every  day  with  Commander  Kieft,  dining  generally 
at  his  house  when  I  happened  to  be  at  the  fort,  he  told  me  one 
day  that  he  had  now  made  a  fine  tavern*  built  with  stone,  for  the 
English,  by  whom,  as  they  passed  continually  with  their  vessels 
from  New  England  to  Virginia,  he  had  suffered  much,  and  who 
now  might  take  lodgings  there.  I  told  him  this  was  very  good 
for  travellers,  but  that  we  wanted  very  badly  for  our  people  a 
church.  It  was  a  shame  that  when  the  English  passed,  they 
should  see  nothing  but  a  mean  barn,  in  which  we  performed  our 
worship  ;  on  the  contrary,  the  first  thing  that  they  in  New 
England  did,  when  they  had  built  fine  dwellings,  was  to  erect  a 
fine  church  :t  we  ought  to  do  the  same,  it  being  supposed  that 
the  West  India  Company  were  very  zealous  in  protecting  the 
reformed  church  (Calvinist)  against  the  Spanish  tyranny, 
that  we  had  good  materials  for  it,  fine  oak  wood,  fine  building 
stone,  good  lime  made  of  o}rster  shells,  being  better  than  our 
lime  in  Holland.  Kieft  asked  me  then  who  would  like  to  attend 
to  this  building?  I  replied  the  lovers  of  the  reformed  religion, 
as  certainly  some  of  them  could  be  found.  He  told  me  that  he 
supposed  I  myself  was  one  of  them,  as  I  made  the  proposition, 
and  he  supposed  I  would  contribute  a  hundred  guilders !  I  re- 
plied that  I  agreed  to  do  so,  and  that  as  he  was  Governor,  he 
should  be  the  first.  We  then  elected  Jochem  Pietersz  Kuyter, 
who  having  a  set  of  good  hands,  would  soon  procure  good  tim- 
ber, he  being  also  a  devout  Calvinist.  We  elected  also  Jan 
Claesz  Damen,  because  he  lived  near  the  fort,  and  thus  we  four 

*  This  was  the  «*  Sladt-herberg"  or  City  Tavern,  afterwards  the 
*  Stadt  buys,"  or  City  Hall,  of  which  see  K  on  the  view,  and  page  31-3. 

f  De  Vriez  related  the  truth,  for  according  to"  New  England's  First 
Fruits,"  printed  in  London,  1643,  (page  21,)  there  were  in  New 
England  in  1 642,  .50  towns  and  villages,  30  or  40  churches,  and  a  college 
for.  •  led  y  Mr.  Harvard,  "  a  Godly  gentleman,  and  a  lover  of  learning, 
then  living." 


27 


"  Kerk  meesters"  formed  the  first  consistory  to  superintend  the 
building  of  the  church.  The  Governor  should  furnish  a  few 
thousand  guilders  of  the  company's  money,  and  would  try  to 
raise  the  remainder  by  subscription.  The  church  should  be 
built  in  the  fort,  where  it  would  be  free  from  the  depredations  of 
the  Indians.  The  building  was  soon  started  of  stone,  and  was 
covered  by  English  carpenters  with  slate,  split  of  oakwood," 
(that  is,  with  oak  shingles  which,  by  rain  and  wind  soon  became 
blue,  and  resembled  slate.) 

The  contract  for  ttie  erection  of  this  church  is  upon  record. 
It  was  made  in  May,  1642,  before  the  secretary  of  the  New- 
Netherlands,  between  11  William  Kieft,  church-warden,  at  the 
request  of  his  brethren,  the  church-wardens  of  the  church  in 
New-Netherland,  and  John  Ogden  of  Stanford,  and  Richard 
Ogden,  who  contracted  to  build  the  church  of  rock-stone,  72 
feet  long,  52  broad,  and  16  feet  high  above  the  soil,  for  2500 
gilders  (£416  13  4)  "  in  beaver,  cash  or  merchandize,  to  wit, 
if  the  church-wardens  are  satisfied  with  the  work,  so  that,  in 
their  judgment,  the  2500  gilders  shall  have  been  earned — then 
said  church-wardens  will  reward  them  with  one  hundred  gilders 
(£  16  13  4)  more,"  in  the  mean  time  assist  them  whenever  it  is 
in  their  power,  and  allow  them  the  use,  for  a  month  or  six 
weeks,  of  the  Company's  boat,  to  facilitate  the  carrying  of  the 
stone  thither. 

The  church  was  not  completely  finished  until  the  first  year  of 
governor  Stuyvcsant's  administration.    In  July,  1647,  he  and 
two  others  were  appointed  kerk-meesters,  (church-wardens,) 
to  superintend  the  work,  and  complete  it  the  ensuing  winter. 

The  town  bell  was  removed  to  this  church.  Besides 
the  office  of  calling  the  devout  to  meeting,  and  announc- 
ing the  hour  of  retirement  at  night,  the  bell  was  appro- 
priated for  various  siugular  uses.  In  October,  1638,  a  female^ 
for  slandering  the  Rev.  E.  Bogardus,  was  condemned  to  appear  at 
fort  Amsterdam,  and  before  the  governor  and  council,  M  to  de- 
clare in  public,  at  the  sounding  of  the  bell,  that  she  knew  the 
minister  was  an  honest  and  pious  man,  and  that  she  lied  falsely." 


28 


In  1639,  all  mechanics  and  labourers  in  the  service  of  the 
Com  pan  v  commenced  and  left  work  at  the  ringing  of  the  belt, 
and  for  every  neglect  forfeited  double  the  amount  of  their 
wages,  to  the  use  of  the  attorney-general. 

In  1647,  all  tavern  keepers  were  prohibited,  by  the  placards 
of  governor  Stuyvesant  and  council,  from  accommodating  any 
clubs,  or  selling  any  ardent  liquor,  after  the  ringing  of  the  bell, 
at  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening. 

In  1648,  two  runaways  were  summoned  into  court  by  the 
ringing  of  the  bell,  to  defend  themselves.  And  in  1677,  an 
ordinance  was  passed  by  the  common  council  of  New-York, 
imposing  a  tine  of  six  shillings  on  any  members  of  the  corpora- 
tion and  jurymen,  who  should  neglect  to  appear  in  court  at  the 
third  ringing  of  the  bell.  The  bell-ringer  was  anciently  the 
court  messenger.  In  1661,  amid  his  multifarious  official  duties,* 
he  was  to  "  assist  in  burying  the  dead  and  attend  to  toll  the  bell." 

Between  the  church  and  gaol,  was  the  corps  de  garde. 

F.  Governeur's  Huys:  Governor's  house.  The  41  big  house" 
was  built  by  Y7an  T wilier,  partly  of  logs  and  brick,  but  a  much 
superior  one  of  stone  erected  by  Kieft,  100  feet  long,  .30  wide, 
and  24  high,  with  two  outside  walks  the  length  of  the  house,  the 
one  nine,  and  the  other  ten  feet  broad;  entry  >0  feet  long,  and 
20  broad,  with  a  partition  and  double  chimney,  with  cellars, 
windows,  doors,  &lc. 

The  secretary's  office  was  at  the  north  gate,  at  the  north-east 
bastion  of  the  fort.  It  was  built  in  behalf  of  Cornelis  Tienhoven, 
who  was  secretary  of  New-Netherlands  under  Van  Twiller  and 
Kieft.  From  this  office  the  first  post-rider  started,  in  the  com- 
mencement of  this  year,  (If -73)  to  go  once  a  month  "  to  Boston 
ami  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  other  places  along  the  road." 

The  proclamation  of  governor  Lovelace,  issued  December 
10,  1672,  is  a  document  too  curious  to  be  omitted.  It  was  in 
the  following  words  :  — 

*«  Whereas  it  is  thought  convenient  and  necessary,  in  obedi- 


*  See  p.  8. 


29 

i 

ence  to  his  Sacred  Majesty's  Commands,  who  enjoynes  all  his 
subjects,  in  their  distinct  colon)  es,  to  enter  into  a  strict  Allyance 
and  Correspondency  with  each  other,  as  likewise  for  the 
advancement  of  Negotiation,  Trade  and  Civill  Commerce,  and 
for  a  more  speedy  Intelligence  and  Dispatch  of  affayres,  that  a 
messenger  or  Post  bee  authorised  to  sett  forth  from  this  City  of 
New-Yorke,  monthly,  and  thence  to  travaile  to  Boston,  from 
whence  within  that  month  hee  shall  returne  agame  to  this  City: 
These  are  therefore  to  give  notice  to  all  persons  concerned, 
That  on  the  first  day  of  January  next  (167  >)  the  messenger 
appointed  shall  proceed  on  his  Journey  to  Boston:  If  any  there- 
fore have  any  letters  or  small  portable  goods  to  bee  conveyed 
to  Hartford,  Connecticott,  Boston,  or  any  other  parts  in  the 
Road,  they  shall  bee  carefully  delivered  according  to  the  Direc- 
tions by  a  sworne  Messenger  and  Post,  who  is  purposely 
imployed  in  that  ArFayre;  In  the  Interim  those  that  bee  dispos'd 
to  send  Letters,  lett  them  bring  them  to  the  Secretary's  office, 
where  in  a  lockt  Box  they  shall  bee  preserv'd  till  the  Messenger 
calls  for  them.  All  persons  paying  the  Post  before  the  Bagg  bee 
seald  up.  Dated  at  New  Yorke  this  10th  day  of  December 
1672." 

The  buildings  within  the  fort  were  burned  during  the  famous 
negro  plot,  in  1741. 

S.  Stuy vesant  Huys.  Governor  Stuy vesanfs  house  or  dwell- 
ing was  built  about  four  years  before  he  surrendered  his  govern- 
ment to  the  English.  It  fronted  the  public  wharf  (2,)  and 
stood  on  the  west  side  of  the  present  White-hall-street,  nearly 
opposite  the  commencement  of  the  present  Water-street. 

Fig.  2.  S.  The  public  wharf  (2)  and  harbour  or  dock, 
(3)  were  built  by  the  burgomasters  of  the  city  about  the 
year  1658  Here  vessels  loaded  and  unloaded,  and  a  wharfage 
duty  was  exacted  at  first  of  eight  stivers  per  last.  The  harbour 
(3)  was  constructed  to  accommodate  vessels  and  yachts,  in 
which,  during  winter,  the  barques  stationed  there  might  be 
secured  against  the  floating  ice;  for  which  large  vessels  paid 
annually  "  one  beaver,  and  smaller  in  proportion,  to  the  city, 


30 

to  keep  it  in  order/'  This  wharf  and  harbour  are  now  a  part 
of  Whitehall-street,  Whitehall-slip  having  since  been  formed 
into  the  river. 

H.  De  Waegh.  The  weigh,  or  balance.  This  was  erected 
in  1653,  by  governor  Stuyvesant,  and  the  standard  weight  and 
measure  kept  in  the  balance-house,  was  according  to  those  of  the 
city  of  Amsterdam.  To  this  standard  merchants  were  obliged 
to  conform,  and  to  pay  the  eyck-meester  for  marking  their  weights 
and  measures.  Goods  were  here  also  brought  in  bulk  and 
weighed,  before  they  were  stored  in  the  public  store-houses  (G.) 

G.  'T  Ma'gazyn.  The  Magazines  or  public  store-houses,  or 
Pack-huyscn  of  the  Dutch  West-India  Company,  the  "  lords 
patroons"  of  this  city,  were  situated  in  Winch cl-str act,  (Store- 
street)  now  Stone-street,  which  then  extended  from  the  now 
AVhitehall-street  to  Broad-street. 

Between  Winckel-straet,  and  the  dock(3)  and  the  wall  along 
the  harbour,  and  in  the  direction  across  the  bridge(6)  at  the 
foot  of  Heeren-gracht  (See  I.)  was  the  Brug-straet  (now 
Bridge-street,)  and  between  this  and  the  dock  or  wall  was  that 
portion  of  the  present  continuation  of  Pearl-street,  which  was 
after  this  view  called  Dock-street,  on  the  border  of  which,  be- 
tween de  waegh  and  bridge  a  small  market-house(5)  was  erected 
in  1656,  and  a  market  established  every  Saturday  on  the  shore, 
because  farmers  as  the  order  in  councel  recited,  u  now  and  then" 
had  brought  various  articles,  "  as  beef,  pork,  butter,  cheese,  tur- 
nips, carrots,  cabbages  and  other  products  of  the  country  ;  and 
on  coming  to  the  shore  often  waited  a  great  while  to  their  loss, 
because  the  commonalty,  or  at  least  the  majority,  who  resided 
at  some  distance  from  the  shore  remained  ignorant  that  such 
articles  were  offered  for  sale." 

In  rear  of  Winckle-street,  and  between  that  and  Beever-grachi 
now  Beaver-street  was  an  open  space  called  markt-vclt,  where 
a  market  had  been  held,  and  an  annual  fair  or  cattle-show 
exhibited,  before  the  market-house  on  the  shore  was  erected. 
It  embraced  the  plain  before  the  fort,  and  a  lane  reaching  from 
Market-field(4)  to  Broad-street,  and  called  Marktvelt-steegje, 


31 


Market-field-lane,  is  now  Market-field-street,  or  Petticoat-lane 
as  it  was  more  generally  called  within  the  last  half  century. 

The  most  westerly  buildings  in  this  view  bordered  on  the 
east  side  of  Breede-weg  or  the  Broadway,  which  on  the  west 
side  was  carefully  left  open  for  the  range  of  the  cannon  of  the 
fort.  Along  the  west  side  from  the  fort,  as  far  as  the  present 
Trinity  Church,  was  the  West-India  Company's  garden,  and 
thence  beyond  the  city  walls  was  the  Company's  farm,  after- 
wards called  the  Kings'  farm,  and  extending  to  the  present 
Duane-street. 

I.  Heeren-gracht.  Gentlemen's-canal,  now  (Broad-street.) 
It  was  called  the  Moat  in  the  time  of  Governor  Kieft,  and  the 
Great  Dyke  at  the  close  of  the  English  Governor  Lovelace's 
administration,  (1672)  when  it  was  ordered  to  be  cleaned,  and 
when  also  the  streets  of  the  city  were  paved.  The  Dutch  called 
it  Breede-gracht  as  well  as  Heeren-gracht.  Three  years  after 
this  view,  (viz.  1676)  the  gracht  (canal)  was  ordered  to  be  filled 
up,  and  the  street  levelled  and  paved.  Beever-gracht  entered 
the  Heeren-gracht  from  the  west,  and  Prince's- gracht  or  Prince" 
straet,  (now  a  continued  part  of  Beaver-street)  extended  eastward, 
and  terminated  in  a  Sloot  or  ditch,  whence  has  been  derived  the 
name  of  Sloat-lane. 

In  the  vicinity  of  the  Heeren-gracht,  was  the  Schapen-wey  or 
the  sheep  pasture,  sometimes  called  the  sheep  valley. 

From  the  Heeren-gracht  to  the  Stadt-huys(K)  inclusive,  was 
Hoog-straet,  High-street,  that  is  from  a  point  a  little  north-west 
of  the  corner  of  the  present  Pearl  and  Broad  streets  to  the  south 
corner  of  the  lane  leading  from  Counties-slip  into  the  present 
Stone-street. 

K.  Stadt-huys,  State  House  or  City-Hall  denominated  also 
Stadt-hcrbcrg,  or  City  Tavern,  was  situated  opposite  the  first  half 
moon  (R.  1 )  at  the  corner  of  Hoog-straet,  (which  afterwards  was 
called  little  Dock-street ,  and  now  Pearl-street,)  and  the  lane 
running  from  Counties-slip  westward  into  the  street  which  is  now 
a  continuation  of  Stone-street. 

The  stadt-herberg  was  built  by  governor  Kieft,  and  finished  in 


32 

1642,  for  the  purpose,  in  part,  of  relieving  himself  from  the  bur- 
den of  hospitality  which  he  had  been  taxed  with,  while  his 
New-England  neighbours  tarried  at  the  "  Manhadoes"  on  their 
voyages  to  Virginia.*  It  was  built  at  the  expense  of  the 
West  India  company,  and  called  the  company's  tavern.  It 
was  afterwards,  upon  application  of  the  burgomasters,  grant- 
ed to  the  city  for  the  purposes  of  a  stadt-huys  or  city  house, 
as  well  as  the  "  great"  or  "  public  tavern."  This  ce- 
lebrated building,  in  which  the  most  memorable  affairs  of 
the  colony  were  discussed,  and  sometimes  transacted ;  in 
which  the  schout  burgomasters  and  schepens  held  their  ses- 
sions and  courts;  in  which  the  transfer  from  one  power  to 
another  of  the  sovereignty  over  the  city  and  colony  was  three 
times  agitated  and  acceded  to;  in  which  the  first  public  school 
ever  patronised,  was  held,  in  1652,  and  probably  afterwards,  as 
no  school  house  was  erected  at  the  date  of  this  view;  in  which 
tho  live  commissioners  of  the  first  court  of  admiralty,  organized 
in  1665  by  Gov.  Nicholls,  convened  and  held  their  sessions;  in 
which,  during  the  civil  war  between  the  houses  of  Bayard  and 
Leisler,  our  colonial  York  and  Lancaster,  one  party  held  pos- 
session, and  returned  the  fire  of  the  other  from  the  fort;  in 
which  the  gaol  of  the  city  was  kept  for  a  long  time,  but  in  all 
probability,  after  the  destruction  of  that  in  the  fort  during  the 
memorable  negro-plot : — this  famous  edifice  is  supposed  by 
some  to  be  yet  standing  on  the  spot  of  the  original  location,  op- 
posite Coenties-slip,  and  though  divided  into  two  departments 
or  buildings,  is  the  same  that  was  owned  or  occupied  about 
fifty-five  years  aj»o  by  Brinkerhoof  and  Van  Wyck;  in  1806  by 
Abraham  Brinckerhoof,  and  now  (1825)  by  his  heirs. 

The  original  building,  however,  was  of  stone,  and  the  present 
of  brick.  The  stone  building  was  standing  fifty-two  years  after 
its  erection;  but  when  the  present  buildings  were  substituted,  I 
have  not  any  authority  for  determining.  It  is  not  improbable, 
that  the  latter  were  used  as  the  court  house  or  city  hall,  long 
before  the  one  at  the  head  of  Broad-street  was  afterwards 

*  See  p.  26. 


33 


erected.  This  also  has  shared  the  fate  of  the  former — and  the 
splendid  city  hall  of  ihe  modern  city  now  rears  its  dome  where  the 
chesnut  spread  its  branches  at  the  period  of  the  present  view.* 
The  first  stadt-huys  was  a  three  story  house,  surrounded  with 
a  schroeinge  ] 

In  front  of  the  City-Hall,  Jacobus  Van  de  Water,  the  mayor, 
with  the  guard  of  the  citizens,  is  represented  as  upon  the  evening 
parade.  In  1673  at  the  beat  of  the  drum,  half  an  hour  before 
sun-set  the  militia  (scuttery)  of  the  city  then  on  guard  held 
their  parade  before  the  City-Hall.  The  mayor  then  proceeded 
to  the  city-gate(O)  and  locked  it  at  sun-set,  and  at  sun-rise  he 
opened  it. 

In  front  of  the  City-Hall  were  also  the  stocks  and  whipping* 
post.  The  ducking-stool,  or  rather  cucking-stool,  was  not  yet 
erected,  notwithstanding  the  Lutheran  minister  in  1673  pleaded 
in  bar  to  a  public  prosecution  against  him  for  striking  a  female 
that  she  "  provoked  him  to  it  by  scolding."  The  Dutch  had  the 
credit  of  introducing  the  wooden-horse,  but  the  cucking-stool 
was  reserved  for  the  superior  ingenuity  of  the  English,  who  de- 
riving a  sanction  for  their  want  of  gallantry  from  the  immemorial 
authority  of  their  Common  Law,  ordered  in  February,  1692, 
"at  a  meeting  of  a  grand  Committee  of  the  Common  Council,  a 
pillory,  cage  and  ducking-stool  to  be  forthwith  built." 

R.  1.  Rondeel,  redoubt  or  half  moonf  was  also  in  front  of  the 
City-Hall,  and  is  now  a  part  of  Counties-slip. 

In  the  rear  of  the  City-Hall  was  Slyk-Steeg,  Mire-lane,  and  a 
tannery  extended  from  the  north  corner  of  the  lane,  passing  from 
Coenties-slip  to  Mire-lane,  on  which  a  bark  mill  stood.  Hence 
the  present  Mill-street.  In  rear  of  this  was  elevated  ground,  and 
near  it  was  de  Warmoes-straet,  (Street  of  Vegetables,)  probably 

*  Governor  Lovelace,  in  1672,  issued  a  proclamation  prohibiting  tanners 
from  barking  the  trees  on  the  commons ;  and  the  boys  from  felling  them 
as  they  had  done  "  for  their  idle  fFancyes  or  the  nutts  sake." 

t  Moat,  ditch,  or  canal,  lined  with  planks  to  prevent  the  earth  from 
tumbling. 

t  Literally  a  "round  bulwark." 

5 


34 


the  present  Garden-street,  near  which  were  the  Citizens'  Guard- 
House  and  the  Lutheran  Church,(L)  or  Luthersclie  Kerch.  The 
Lutherans,  Jews,  and  Quakers  found  very  little  toleration  from 
the  Dutch.*  The  English  governors  were  more  indulgent.  In 
1671  ?  Governor  Lovelace  authorized  the  Luthern  Congregation 
to  erect  a  church  and  to  u  seek  benevolences  from  their  bre- 
theren  here  and  on  the  Delaware."  The  next  year,  Edmundson, 
a  friend  from  England,  was  allowed  to  preach  to  the  society  of 
his  order.  He  held  at  an  inn  the  first  friends'  meeting  in  the 
city,  and  the  magistrates  attended.!  From  the  City-Hall. following 
the  curveture  of  the  shore  to  Smet-straef,  (Fig.  7.)  that  is  from 
Coenties-slip  to  Hanover-square,  was  the  Cingcl,  Encircling,  or 
Exterior-street,    Thence  from  Rondeel  or  Half-Moon,  (R.  2.) 

*  One  of  the  ancestors  of  theBownes  of  this  city,  a  member  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  w  as  banished  on  account  of  his  religion.  Governor  Stuyvesaut 
was  censured  by  the  West-India  Company,  and  apologized  to  Bowne  after 
his  return  from  Holland.  But  this  early  period  was  remarkable  for  gloomy 
superstition  and  bigoted  intolerance.  The  frenzy  prevailing  in  New-Eng« 
land  extended  its  influence  to  this  city.  Here,  within  eight  years  before  the 
date  of  this  view,  a  man  and  his  wife  were  tried  as  witches,  and  a  special 
verdict  of  guilty  brought  in  by  the  jury  against  one  of  them.  Here,  one 
year  before  this  view,  the  inhabitants  of  Westchester  complained  to  the  go- 
vernor and  council  against  a  witch  who  had  come  among  them  ;  she  hav- 
ing previously  been  condemned  as  a  witch  and  imprisoned  at  Hartford. 
Dunng  the  year  of  this  view  a  similar  complaint  was  made,  but  Gov.  Colve 
treated  it  as  idle  and  groundless.  A  fanatic,  however,  who  this  year  came 
into  the  city  without  cousent,  and  pretending  to  be  divinely  inspired,  made 
"a  terrible  hue  and  cry  in  the  streets,"  crying  on  the  bridge  and  before  the 
houses  of  the  Hon.  Styuwyck,  and  John  Lawrence,  '*  Woe,  woe  to  the 
crowne  of  pride  and  the  drunkaerts  of  Ephreiui:  Twoo  woes  past  and 
the  third  comming,  except  you  repent — Repent,  repent — as  the  kingdom  of 
God  is  at  hand — "  who,  as  stated  in  the  record  of  his  subsequent  conviction, 
also  entered  the  church,  made  a  great  noise,  abused  with  levity  the  woi~d  of 
God,  and  afterwards  went  through  the  Dutch  villages  on  Long  Island,  to 
New  England,  and  returned  to  his  residence  at  Oysterbay,  having  every 
where  cried  the  same  words;  was  protested  against  before  the  notary  pub- 
lic in  th:s  city,  prosecuted  by  the  attorney  general,  and  condemned  to  be 
severely  flogged  and  banished  forever. 

t  The  same  year  George  Fox  also  visited  the  friends  on  Long-Island,  but 
it  docs  not  appear  that  he  came  to  the  city. 


35 


which  is  now  a  part  of  Old-slip,  towards  the  Water-poort  (M) 

was  the  Burgers'  (or  Citizens')  path,  between  the  row  of  build- 
ing (Fig.  9.)  and  the  wall  along  the  shore. 

These  buildings  were  situated  on  the  ground,  now  the  western 
side  of  Pearl-street  along  Hanover-square  towards  Wall-street. 
At  the  southern  end  of  the  row  near  the  Cingel  commenced 
Smeer-stract  (Greese-street)  or  Smet-straet*  afterwards  called 
Smith-street,  and  now  the  lower  end  of  William-street.  Smith- 
street  lane,  (Fig.  8.)  so  called  also  by  the  English  in  l67T>  was 
probably  the  present  Sloat-lane. 

(R.  3.)  This  Roadetl  or  half-moon,  is  now  a  part  of  Coffee- 
House-slip,  and  perhaps  the  spot  on  which  the  CofTee-House  has 
been  reared. 

These  three  fortified  Ronduyten  (R)  were  built  of  stone,  and 
partly  constituted  the  defence  of  the  East-river  side  of  the  city. 

(T)  The  East-river  running  between  the  Island  Manhattan 
and  Yorkshire,  or  Long  Island.  (Oost-Ricier  lopende  tusschen 
">t  Eylandt  Manhattans  en  Jorkshire  ofte  H  Longe  Eylandt.} 

The  Block-house  at  the  Water-gate  (M)  was  at  the  north-east 
corner  of  the  present  Pearl-street  and  Wall-street,  where  Messrs. 
Hones'  auction  store  is  now  situated. 

The  wall  connecting  the  Ronduyten  was  of  stone,  and  was  de- 
signed to  keep  out  the  inundation  of  the  tide  and  sea.  The  City 
Wall  was  of  earth,  thrown  up  from  a  moat  dug  in  1653  from  the 
East  to  the  North  river,  at  first  four  or  five  feet  deep  and  ten  or 
eleven  broad,  somewhat  sloping  at  the  bottom.  On  the  top  of 
this  wall  was  a  closely  connected  line  of  palisadoes  extending 
a  like  distance  from  the  Water-gate  along  the  north  side  of  the 
present  Wall-street  (Fig.  10.)  to  the  North-river.  Hence  was 
derived  the  name  of  the  present  Wall-street,  which  coursed  along 
the  southern  base  of  the  moat,  wall,  and  line  of  pallisadoes. 

(M)  ^Yater-poort.  The  Water-port  or  Gate,  sometimes  call- 
ed the  East-river  Gate,  was  connected  with  the  Block-house  at 
the  east  end  of  the  wall. 

(0)Land-poort.  The  Land-port  or  City-gate,  was  in  the  Broad- 

*  Smtt,  a  taint,  blot  or  stain.    Smidt,  a  Smith. 


36 


way,  thence  the  wall  and  palisadoes  extended  to  a  fortification 
in  the  rear  of  the  present  Trinity  Church,  which  was  not  built 
till  eighteen  years  after  the  date  of  this  view.  This  breast- 
work or  battery  may  have  been  the  same  stone  wall,  four  or 
five  feet  thick,  which  in  1751  was  discovered  back  of  the 
English  Church  nearly  eight  feet  under  ground. 

The  fortifications  of  the  city  at  the  time  of  the  present  view 
were  denominated  the  fort,  walls,  bulwarks,  Rondeels,  curtains 
(gerdynen)  and  batteries. 

(Fig.  11.)  The  Lady's  Valley,  a  fashionable  resort  in  the 
days  of  Governor  Kieft,  was  probably  the  same  place  which  was 
denominated  in  the  period  of  his  successor,  Maagde-paetje,  (the 
Virgins'-path,)  now  (1825)  Maiden-lane.  It  was  called  the 
Green-lane  1692,  when  the  Common  Council  ordered  the  land 
on  the  water  side,  in  front  of  Smith's  Vly,  (N)  from  the  Block- 
house to  the  hill  of  Mr.  Beekman  (Beekman-street)  to  be  sold, 
and  that  portion  from  the  Block-house  to'Green-lane,  at  20s.  per 
foot.  The  Virgins'  path  proceeded  from  this  Vly  in  the  direc- 
tion of  Maiden-lane  to  the  elevated  ground. 

N.  Smidt's  Valcy,  abbreviated  to  Smet  or  Smee's  Vly9 
was  a  marsh  extending  from  the  rising  ground,  a  little  north 
of  the  city  walls,  along  the  East  river,  or  shore  of  the  pre- 
sent Pearl-street,  to  the  rising  ground  near  Fulton-street. — 
This  valley,  or  salt  marsh,  was  bounded  westward  by  the  hio;h 
ground  along  the  rear  of  the  lots  on  the  north  western  side  of 
Pearl-street.  The  Vly  was  spoken  of  as  early  as  the  time  of 
Van  Twiller.  The  English,  adopting  the  sound  without  the 
sense  of  the  word,  called  it  Fly.  Four  years  after  the  date  of 
this  view,  viz.  in  1676,  the  common  council  ordered  the  tan  vats 
and  slaughter  houses  to  be  removed  out  of  the  city,  and  a  public 
slaughter  house  to  be  erected  a  over  the  water  without  the  gate 
at  the  Smith's  Fly,  near  the  half  moon."  Asher  Levy,  in  part- 
nership with  Garret  Johnson  Rose,  built  this  house,  and  received 
a  "rant  of  its  exclusive  use.  This  was  the  foundation  of  Rose's. 
or  Flv-mnrket. 


37 


North  of  the  Vly,  and  between  Beeckman's-hill  and  the  pre- 
sent Frankfort-street,  was  a  waste  wet  piece  of  ground,  distin- 
guished, subsequently  to  the  present  view,  by  the  name  of 
Beeckman's-swamp.  Jacob  street,  and  parts  of  Ferry,  Gold, 
and  William-streets,  now  cover  it.  This  district  of  the  city  is 
still  known  by  the  name  of  "  the  Swamp." 

P.  Weg  na  H  versche  water.  The  way  to  the  fresh  water. 
North  of  the  rising  ground  that  bounded  Beeckman's-swamp, 
was  another,  but  a  much  larger  swamp  meadow,  or  pond.  It 
reached  the  East-river,  and  was  not  completely  filled  up  till 
1794,  It  occupied  the  area  of  parts  of  the  present  Cherry  and 
Roosevelt-streets,  Batavia-lane,  James,OHver,  Catherine,  Fayette 
streets,  and  the  Jews'-alley,  to  Chatham-street.  Thence,  west- 
ward, it  communicated  by  a  stream,  called  the  fresh  water  river, 
with  the  fresh  water  pool,  or  de  Kolck.  It  has  been  fitted  up 
within  a  few  years  since,  and  Collect  street,  and  others  in  its 
vicinity,  laid  out  in  this  part  of  the  city.  Some  of  our  older  in- 
habitants remember  when  the  East-river  was  connected  with  the 
Kolck,  or  fresh  water  pond,  by  a  small  rivulet,  which  the  rains 
frequently  increased  to  such  a  volume,  that  a  log  was  required 
to  be  laid  across  to  walk  over,  and  when  the  North-river  was 
similarly  connected  by  a  ditch.  Near  the  run  was  a  mill,  pre- 
viously to  the  year  l66i.  In  order  to  obtain  more  water  for 
the  benefit  of  the  mill,  the  valleys  were  granted  to  the  miller, 
and  as  the  aqueduct,  (riool)  which  he  had  dug,  admitted  the  salt 
water  into  the  kolck  (pool)  of  the  freshwater,  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  community,  he  was  required  to  hang  a  waste  gate  before  the 
aqueduct  tQ  stop  the  salt  water,  and  allow  the  fresh  water  to  be 
drawn  at  low  water. 

Q.  Wint-Molen.  This  wind-mill  was  erected  in  1662,  out- 
side of  the  "  City  land  port,"  (O)  on  the  Company's  farm  in 
Broadway,  between  the  present  Liberty  and  Counlandt-streets. 
Theold  wind-mill  having  decayed,  upon  application  made  to 
the  governor  and  council,  they  gave  to  the  builders  of  the  for- 
mer the  stones  and  iron  work  of  the  latter,  on  condition  that 


38 


they  should  grind  gratis  for  the  company,  "  25  schepels*  of 
corn  per  week,  if  so  much  should  be  wanted." 

Beyond  the  Fresh  water  river  and  Swamp-meadow,  on  the 
East-river,  was  Nechtant,  the  Indiah  name  of  Corlaer's-hook, 
which  has  been  also  called  Crown-point.  Jacobus  Van  Corlaer 
owned  the  property,  and  had  a  plantation  there,  in  the  time  of 
Wouter  Van  Twiller.  De  Vriez,in  his  Second  Voyage  to  New 
Netherlands,  mentions  in  1636,  *'Corlaer's  Plantagnie  and  Cor- 
laers  Bouwery."  He  was  Van  Twiller's  trumpeter. t  On  the 
8th  of  August, u  the  first  gunner  of  the  fort  (says  De  Vriez)  gave 
a  frolick.  On  one  of  the  points  of  the  fort  a  tent  was  erected, 
and  tables  and  benches  placed  for  the  invited  people.  When 
the  glee  was  now  at  its  highest,  Corlaer  the  trumpeter  began  to 
blow,  which  occasioned  a  quarrel,  and  the  Koopman  of  the 
stores,  {"Koopman  van  de  Winckel'")  and  the  Koopman  of  the 
cargoes,  ("  Koopman  van  de  Cargasoenen,)  gave  the  trumpeter 
names.  The  trumpeter,  in  revenge,  gave  them  each  a  drub- 
bing :  when  they  ran  home  for  their  swords,  and  would  take 
revenge  of  the  trumpeter,  and  swaggering  and  boasting  much, 
went  to  the  house  of  the  governor,  and  would  have  eaten  the 
trumpeter  ;  but  when  the  wine  was  evaporated  in  the  morning, 
their  courage  was  somewhat  lowered,  and  they  did  not  endea- 
vour much  to  find  the  trumpeter." 

He  was  living  in  the  time  of  Governor  Stuyvuesant.  In  1652 
lie  sold  his  property  to  William  Beeckman.  viz.  u  a  parcel  of 
land  at  the  East-river,  called  Corlaers-creek,  his  plantation 
and  creek,  situated  on  the  Island  Manhattans,  and  named  in  the 
Indian  language  Nechtant,  with  the  ground  rent,  for  the  sum  of 
4500  guilders,  (£750,)  provided  the  seller  pay  the  ground  rent 
now  due." 

It  has  been  supposed  by  some,  that  he  was  the  founder  of 
Schenectadv.  But  this  was  Antonio  Van  Corlaer,  who  was  held 
in  the  most  exalted  estimation  by  the  Indians  of  this  state,  of 

*  About  19  bushels. 

t  See  also  Irving's  History  of  New- York,  by  Knickerbocker. 


the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  He  was  drowned  in  Lacus  Irocoisa^ 
(Lake  Champlain,)  and  in  honour  of  him,  ihe  Iroquois  called  the 
lake  after  his  name,  as  well  as  Schenectady,  (Corlaer,)  and  al- 
ways addressed  the  governors  of  this  province  by  the  title  of 
"  Corlaer,"  or  u  Brother  Corlaer.*' 

West  of  Corlaer's-hook  and  plantation,  and  north  of  the  fresh 
water,was  the  Bou wery  or  farm  (whence  the  Bowery,  Bowery-lane 
or  street  of  the  city)  which,  in  1651,  Governor  Stuyvesant  pur- 
chased, with  "  a  dwelling  house,  barn,  reek-lands,  six  cows,  two 
horses,  and  two  young  negroes,"  for  6400  guilders.  (£1066 
13s.  4d.) 

The  city  of  New  Amsterdam  was  laid  out  into  streets  in  1656. 
It  then  comprised  about  120  houses,  and  1000  inhabitants,  in- 
cluding a  numerous  garrison.  In  1660,  Governor  Stuyvesant 
transmitted  to  the  directors  for  the  department  of  Amsterdam,  of 
the  West  India  Company,  a  platform,  or  map  and  survey  of  the 
lots.  In  a  letter  to  the  governor,  they  remarked  u  We  are  gra- 
tified with  the  sight  of  the  maps  of  New  Amsterdam.  In  our 
opinion,  rather  large  spaces  are  remaining  without  buildings,  and 
the  distances  between  these  are  too  extensive,  viz.  between  the 
Smeer-straet,*  the  Prince-gracht,  or  Prince-straetj  and  the 
Tuyn-str act ;f  so  too  between  the  Heeren-straet,^  and  the  Bea- 
vcrs-gracJit,\\  the  houses  there  being,  to  appearance,  provided 
with  extensive  garden  lots.  It  might,  perhaps,  be  the  intention 
to  cut  off  with  greater  ease  new  streets,  when,  on  an  increased 
population,  of  course  the  buildings  would  be  approximated ; 
which,  however,  we  leave  entirely  to  your  wisdom  and  discre- 
tion." 

Many  of  the  spaces  here  spoken  of,  and  hundreds  of  lots  with, 
in  the  city  walls  remained  vacant  at  the  date  of  this  view.  But 
the  health  and  comfort  of  the  citizens  were  proportionably  pro- 

*  See  p.  3-3.  t  See  p.  31.  X  (Garden-street)  also  called  de  JVarmaes- 
siraet.    See  p.  33.  $  See  p.  31. 

||  See  p.  31.  There  were  two  other  streets  after  the  survey  of  the  city, 
viz.  Htrt-stratt  (Deer-street) and  Minquas-strast,  the  location  of  which  lam 
unable  at  present  to  describe. 


40 

moted  by  these,  and  by  the  numerous  orchards,  gardens,  pleasure 
grounds,  arbours  and  forest  trees,  that  ornamented  and  shaded 
the  city.  It  contained  many  handsome  houses,  constructed  of 
plain  and  glazed  brick,  and  of  rock  stone,  and  covered  with  red 
and  black  tiles.  Its  aspect  was  diversified  by  hill  and  dale.  Its 
eminences  were  clustered  with  buildings,  and  the  whole  formed 
a  most  delightful  perspective  from  the  water.  These  eminences 
have  been  levelled,  and  a  much  more  uniform  surface  is  now  exhi- 
bited. Three  streets  have  been  made  into  the  East-river,*  and 
two  into  the  North  ;f  much  of  the  very  soil  on  which  this  Hercu- 
laneum  once  stood,  lies  buried  several  feet  beneath  the  modern 
city,  or  is  concealed  by  alluvial  accumulation.  It  contained  about 
300  buildings,^  ano-  2500  inhabitants,  including  two  or  three  com- 
panies in  garrison,  and  three  companies  of  citizen  soldiers. 

Thus  the  old  city  of  New  Amsterdam,  or  New  Orange,  as  it 
was  named  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  years  ago,  was  not  much 
larger  than  the  village  of  New  Amsterdam,§  now  situated  at  the 
foot  of  a  chain  of  interior  seas,  the  shores  of  which  were  then 
untrodden  by  civilized  man.  Then  Schenectady  was  the  frontier 
of  the  western  settlement,  in  the  latitude  of  this  state  ; — now  the 
mighty  rush  of  population  has  overspread  regions  more  than  one 
thousand  miles  westward  from  the  river  Hudson. 

*  Water-street,  South  and  Front-streets, 
t  Greenwich  and  Washington-streets. 

t  Four  years  after  the  date  of  this  view,  a  list  of  the  buildings  was  taken 
There  were  868  within  the  city  walls. 
$  The  real  name  of  Buffalo,  the  capital  of  Erie  county. 


* 


AVfRY 
CLASS  CS 


